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Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of pattern recognition molecules that play a crucial role in innate immunity. The structural conservation of the archaic TLR system suggests that the regulation of the immune response might be more

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of pattern recognition molecules that play a crucial role in innate immunity. The structural conservation of the archaic TLR system suggests that the regulation of the immune response might be similar in fish and mammals. Several TLRs (TLR-1,-2, and-4) are expressed by activated macrophages, " foam cells " in human atherosclerotic lesions. To date, 20 different TLRs were identified in more than a dozen different fish species. In this study we found that feeding goldfish, Carrassius auratus, a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) resulted macrophage foam cell formation in the intestinal tissues. The expression of TLR2 has been found in foam cells and in the cytoplasm of enterocytes, however the staining was more intense at the apical surface of polarized intestinal epithelial cells and in the lamina propria. In the intestinal epithelial cells and in the lamina propria cells of the control fish the TLR2 was expressed at low levels. The intestinal epithelium is directly involved in the mucosal immune response through its expression of proinflammatory genes, release of inflammatory cytokines, and recruitment of inflammatory cells.

The presence of a xenobiotic in the environment can often represent a risk for living organisms. Quaternium, a preservative, is one of the most used substances and is added to several cosmetics and other industrial products. For this more

The presence of a xenobiotic in the environment can often represent a risk for living organisms. Quaternium, a preservative, is one of the most used substances and is added to several cosmetics and other industrial products. For this reason,kwowing the bio-indicator of the marine environment, the toxicological effects potentially elicited by this preservative on the marine invertebrate Mytilus gallo-provincialis were studied. The results of this work confirm that quaternium, used at and 1 mg/l concentrations, while metabolized in M. galloprovincialis, causes a decrease in cellular viability, and remarkable changes to the defense and antioxidant system. In fact, haemocyte viability is dramatically reduced, and haemolymphatic parameter measurements indicate a stress on the animal. Moreover, an increase in radical species production, in Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Species (TBARS) concentration, and in the Heat Shock Protein 70 amount, were observed in hepatopancreas. These changes suggest that the antioxidant systems are activated to overwhelm the oxidative damage induced by quaternium Quaternium jeopardizes both the defense and antioxidant systems. These results provide essential information with the biological fate of quaternium in aquatic organisms, and confirm that biomarkers represent an important tool for modern environmental assessments as they can help with the prediction of pollutants involved in the monitoring program.

Although the irritant effects of quaternium have been established, little is known about the toxicological consequences induced by this xenobiotic on aquatic invertebrates. The present article reports toxicological, histological and more

Although the irritant effects of quaternium have been established, little is known about the toxicological consequences induced by this xenobiotic on aquatic invertebrates. The present article reports toxicological, histological and physiological effects of quaternium following the exposure of Mytilus galloprovincialis for 18 days at three different concentrations (, and mg/L). The results demonstrate that at higher concentrations histological damages to M. galloprovincialis gills occur, like melanosis, light exfoliations, increase of mucus production and infiltrative inflammation. In addition digestive gland cells of M. galloprovincialis, were not able to perform the regulation volume decrease (RVD) owing to osmotic stress following the exposure to the preservative. Overall, this first study on quaternium highlights that it can jeopardize both the morphology and vital physiological processes in marine invertebrates, depending on the duration of exposure and the concentration of the preservative, indicating that further studies are necessary to increase our knowledge about the effects of this substance, commonly added to our products of daily use.

Infectious diseases in fish represent a major problem for the aquaculture field as they produce extensive damages and loss. Over the last few years, with increased development of the aquaculture industry, different methods have been used more

Infectious diseases in fish represent a major problem for the aquaculture field as they produce extensive damages and loss. Over the last few years, with increased development of the aquaculture industry, different methods have been used to contrast these pathologies. Common interest has led to the use of components (as additives in diets) that could contrast diseases without causing any negative impact on the environment. These components are represented by prebiotics, probiotics, and plant extracts. In this review, the effects of prebiotics are described. Prebiotics are indigestible fibres fermented by gut enzymes and commensal bacteria, whose beneficial effects are due to the by-products generated from fermentation. The influence of pre-biotics on the immune system of fish is called immunosaccharides. Mannanoligosaccharides (MOS), Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and Inulin act at different levels in the innate immune response. For example, through phagocytosis, lysozyme activity, and the complement system activity, an increase in fish growth and an amelioration of their health status is brought about. In this review, the use of prebiotics in aquaculture, such as immunostimulants, has been highlighted: particularly in two teleost fish species, Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax. The results demonstrate that the road is still long and further studies are required, but the use of prebiotics, individually or coupled together, can open the doors to pioneering a new model of alternative components to antimi-crobial agents.

Journal Name: Fish and Shellfish Immunology 54 ()
Publication Name: Carbone D., Faggio C.

The application of additives in the diet as plants or extracts of plants as natural and innocuous compounds has potential in aquaculture as an alternative to antibiotics and immunoprophylactics. The aim of the current study was to more

The application of additives in the diet as plants or extracts of plants as natural and innocuous compounds has potential in aquaculture as an alternative to antibiotics and immunoprophylactics. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the potential effects of dietary supplementation of date palm fruit extracts alone or in combination with Pdp11 probiotic on serum antioxidant status, on the humoral and cellular innate immune status, as well as, on the expression levels of some immune-related genes in head-kidney and gut of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) after 2 and 4 weeks of administration. This study showed for the first time in European sea bass an immunostimulation in several of the parameters evaluated in fish fed with date palm fruits extracts enriched diet or fed with this substance in combination with Pdp 11 probiotic, mainly after 4 weeks of treatment. In the same way, dietary sup-plementation of mixture diet has positive effects on the expression levels of immune-related genes, chiefly in head-kidney of Dicentrarchus labrax. Therefore, the combination of both could be considered of great interest as potential additives for farmed fish.

Journal Name: Fish and Shellfish Immunology 52 ()
Publication Name: F.A. Guardiola, C. Porcino, R. Cerezuela, A. Cuesta, C. Faggio, M.A. Esteban

Background: The microtubule assembly inhibitor nocodazole has been shown to trigger caspase-independent mitotic death and caspase dependent apoptosis. Similar to apoptosis of nucleated cells, erythrocytes may undergo eryptosis, the more

Background: The microtubule assembly inhibitor nocodazole has been shown to trigger caspase-independent mitotic death and caspase dependent apoptosis. Similar to apoptosis of nucleated cells, erythrocytes may undergo eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Stimulators of eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca 2+ activity ([Ca 2+ ] i), oxidative stress and ceramide. The present study explored, whether and how nocodazole induces eryptosis. Methods: Flow cytometry was employed to determine phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface from annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter, [Ca 2+ ] i from Fluo3-fluorescence, the abundance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCF) diacetate dependent fluorescence as well as ceramide surface abundance utilizing specific antibodies. Tubulin abundance was quantified by TubulinTracker™ Green reagent and visualized by confocal microscopy. Results: A 48 hours exposure of human erythrocytes to nocodazole (≥ 30 µg/ml) significantly increased the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells without significantly modifying average forward scatter. Nocodazole significantly increased Fluo3-fluorescence, significantly increased DCF fluorescence and significantly increased ceramide surface abundance. The effect of nocodazole on annexin-V-binding was significantly blunted, but not abolished by removal of extracellular Ca 2+ and was not modified in the presence of Caspase 3 inhibitor zVAD (1 µM). Nocodazole treatment reduced the content of total tubulin. Conclusions: Nocodazole triggers cell shrinkage and phospholipid scrambling of the erythrocyte cell membrane, an effect in part due to stimulation of Ca 2+ entry, oxidative stress and ceramide.

Journal Name: Cell Physiol Biochem. ; 38(1)
Publication Name: Signoretto E, Honisch S, Briglia M, Faggio C, Castagna M, Lang F.

Although the irritant effects of quaternium have been established, little is known about the toxicological consequences induced by this xenobiotic on aquatic invertebrates. The present article reports toxicological, histological and more

Although the irritant effects of quaternium have been established, little is known about the toxicological consequences induced by this xenobiotic on aquatic invertebrates. The present article reports toxicological, histological and physiological effects of quaternium following the exposure of Mytilus galloprovincialis for 18 days at three different concentrations (, and mg/L). The results demonstrate that at higher concentrations histological damages to M. galloprovincialis gills occur, like melanosis, light exfoliations, increase of mucus production and infiltrative inflammation. In addition digestive gland cells of M. galloprovincialis, were not able to perform the regulation volume decrease (RVD) owing to osmotic stress following the exposure to the preservative. Overall, this first study on quaternium highlights that it can jeopardize both the morphology and vital physiological processes in marine invertebrates, depending on the duration of exposure and the concentration of the preservative, indicating that further studies are necessary to increase our knowledge about the effects of this substance, commonly added to our products of daily use.

Journal Name: Molecules Jan 26;21(2). pii: E
Publication Name: Pagano M, Capillo G, Sanfilippo M, Palato S, Trischitta F, Manganaro A, Faggio C.

The anti-inflammatory, anti-autoimmune, antiparasitic, and anti-viral ether phospholipid edelfosine (1-O-octadecylO-methylglycerophosphocholine) stimulates apoptosis of tumor cells and is thus considered for the treatment of more

The anti-inflammatory, anti-autoimmune, antiparasitic, and anti-viral ether phospholipid edelfosine (1-O-octadecylO-methylglycerophosphocholine) stimulates apoptosis of tumor cells and is thus considered for the treatment of malignancy. Similar to apoptosis of nucleated cells, erythrocytes may enter eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death characterized by cell shrinkage and phospholipid scrambling of the cell membrane with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Triggers of eryptosis include Ca2+ entry with increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i) and oxidative stress. The present study explored, whether and how edelfosine induces eryptosis.
METHODS:

Flow cytometry and photometry, respectively, were employed to estimate phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface from annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter, hemolysis from hemoglobin release, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, and abundance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) fluorescence.
RESULTS:

A 6 hours exposure of human erythrocytes to edelfosine (5 µM) significantly increased the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells, significantly decreased forward scatter, and significantly increased Fluo3-fluorescence, but did not significantly modify DCFDA fluorescence. The effect of edelfosine on annexin-V-binding was significantly blunted, but not abolished by removal of extracellular Ca2+.
CONCLUSIONS:

Edelfosine triggers cell shrinkage and phospholipid scrambling of the erythrocyte cell membrane, an effect in part due to stimulation of Ca2+ entry.

Journal Name: Cell Physiol Biochem. ;37(6)
Publication Name: Briglia M, Fazio A, Signoretto E, Faggio C, Lang F.

Gli Autori studiano gli effetti dell’alta densità di allevamento sul profilo ematologico e sui tessuti del cefalo (Mugil cephalus). A tale scopo sono stati utilizzati 50 pesci catturati nel lago di Faro a Messina. Tutti i soggetti sono more

Gli Autori studiano gli effetti dell’alta densità di allevamento sul profilo ematologico e sui tessuti del cefalo (Mugil cephalus). A tale scopo sono stati utilizzati 50 pesci catturati nel lago di Faro a Messina. Tutti i soggetti sono stati suddivisi in 2 gruppi : gruppo controllo (n=15), stabulati ad una densità di kg/m3 (bassa densità) in una vasca di litri e un gruppo sperimentale (n=35), stabulato ad una densità di kg/m3 (alta densità) sempre in vasca di litri. Dopo un periodo di 2 settimane, nella vasca del gruppo controllo è stata valutata la concentrazione di ammoniaca i cui valori hanno raggiunto mg/l, mentre nella vasca del gruppo sperimentale la concentrazione di ammoniaca ha raggiunto valori di 5 mg/l. Su tutti i soggetti, al termine del periodo sperimentale è stato effettuato il prelievo di sangue dalla vena caudale. I campioni di sangue sono stati suddivisi in due aliquote in due differenti provette: Miniplast ml (LP Italiana Spa, Milano) conten

Источник: [akperyatna.ac.id]
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